《Brain Research》:Altered cerebellar morphological similarity network correlates with cognitive decline and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild Alzheimer’s disease: a 7
T MRI study
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本研究针对轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者小脑结构改变与认知功能关联不清的问题,利用7T超高场强磁共振技术,结合精准小脑亚区分割和个体水平形态相似性网络(MSN)分析,发现患者存在小脑蚓部VIIb和VIIIa亚区萎缩及后叶(VI-IX叶)大规模节点拓扑属性改变,且这些网络指标异常与认知评分下降及脑脊液Aβ42、p-tau181水平显著相关,提示小脑结构网络改变可作为AD早期敏感的影像学标志物和潜在治疗靶点。
在探索大脑奥秘的征程中,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease, AD)如同一片难以驱散的迷雾,长久以来困扰着全球的公共卫生系统。这种最常见的神经退行性疾病和痴呆类型,以其典型的病理特征——β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积、神经原纤维缠结以及大脑神经元丢失——导致患者认知功能逐渐衰退。传统上,AD研究的光束大多聚焦于大脑皮层,尤其是与记忆息息相关的海马体和内侧颞叶。然而,随着神经科学的不断迈进,小脑——这个曾被认为只负责协调运动的“幕后工作者”——在AD发病机制中的角色正日益凸显。除了运动协调,小脑还通过涉及不同小脑亚区和大脑半球的功能性皮质-小脑环路,参与认知、情绪调节和神经可塑性等高级功能。
尽管对小脑功能的研究已取得进展,但多数工作集中于由血氧水平依赖(BOLD)信号低频波动构建的小脑功能网络。小脑的结构远比BOLD信号的变化更为复杂。尽管其体积仅占全脑的十分之一,但小脑皮层表面积却接近大脑总表面积的80%,并且包含了中枢神经系统60-80%的神经元。这种结构上的丰富性预示着其背后隐藏着更为复杂的结构网络信息。以往对AD脑结构网络的研究多集中于海马等大脑区域,对小脑结构拓扑改变的研究却十分有限。形态相似性网络(Morphological Similarity Network, MSN)作为一种基于个体水平、从单次标准结构(T1加权)磁共振扫描即可构建脑网络的方法,为在个体层面研究脑结构组织提供了有前景的工具。目前,仅有一项研究探讨了AD患者基于灰质相似性构建的小脑MSN,揭示了其改变具有诊断意义,且比海马体更敏感,但小脑结构网络改变与认知功能及各类AD病理生物标志物之间的关系仍不清楚,亟待深入研究。
另一方面,对AD中小脑亚区萎缩的空间模式仍存争议。一些研究认为小脑蚓部和后叶在早期受累,另一些则提出萎缩模式涉及不同阶段的不同亚区。此外,当前关于AD小脑改变的结构神经影像研究均使用1.5T-3T磁共振,部分研究依赖手动划分小脑亚区或使用无法区分蚓部和小脑叶的分割模板,限制了空间分辨率和微观结构阐释的深度。近年来,超高场强7T磁共振技术的进展,为以前所未有的细节研究人脑解剖结构提供了关键工具。将静态场强(B0)从3T提升至7T,使得脑成像能够达到介观尺度。鉴于小脑皮层的复杂细胞构筑组织,我们假设基于7T的结构成像研究将为揭示小脑在AD病理过程中的作用提供新的见解。
在此背景下,张伟伟等研究人员开展了一项开创性研究,首次利用7T磁共振技术,探究轻度AD患者的小脑亚区和MSN改变。研究旨在明确AD特异性小脑结构改变模式,并检验小脑形态测量异常是否及如何与认知衰退和异常蛋白积聚相关。这些改变有望成为AD的新型诊断生物标志物,为早期识别和治疗提供关键线索。
本研究采用的高分辨率3D T1加权图像通过西门子7T Terra扫描仪采集。小脑亚区分割采用SUITer(空间无偏颅脑模板增强分辨率)流程,该流程针对7T MP2RAGE序列等超高场磁共振数据进行了优化,包括使用CAT12进行组织分割以改善对强度不均匀性的鲁棒性,以及采用改进的DARTEL配准实现高分辨率对齐等。最终将小脑灰质划分为28个解剖定义亚区。小脑MSN的构建以SUIT小脑图谱定义网络节点,采用多元欧几里得距离法估计区域间形态相似性以定义网络边,从而构建个体水平的28×28小脑相关矩阵。使用GRETNA(图论网络分析)工具箱在MATLAB R2022b环境下分析网络属性,计算全局和节点属性图论指标。统计分析使用SPSS软件进行,包括采用独立样本t检验比较组间亚区体积和网络指标差异,并控制协变量后进行Bonferroni校正,以及计算AD组内显著网络指标与临床变量及脑脊液生物标志物的相关性。
3.1. 参与者特征
研究共纳入60名参与者,包括30名符合NIA-AA(2011)标准的明确AD痴呆患者和30名健康对照(HC)。两组在年龄、性别、受教育年限上无显著差异,但AD组的简易精神状态检查(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)评分显著低于对照组。AD组的临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)评分在0.5-1之间,符合轻度AD的临床严重程度标准。部分AD受试者(n=9)进行了脑脊液生物标志物检测,显示AD组脑脊液Aβ42水平降低、Aβ42/Aβ40比值降低,总tau(t-tau)和磷酸化tau(p-tau181)水平升高。
3.2. 小脑亚区体积组间差异
基于体素的形态测量学分析显示,与健康对照相比,AD患者存在广泛的小脑灰质萎缩趋势,但仅有蚓部VIIb和蚓部VIIIa两个亚区的体积减少达到显著性水平。这两个亚区位于小脑蚓部的后部小叶,且彼此相邻。
3.3. 组间小脑MSN拓扑改变
在全局网络指标上,与健康对照相比,AD组表现出显著增加的 assortativity( assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , assortativity , 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