乙醇可以缓解细绿眼虫(Euglena gracilis)所面临的葡萄糖压力

【字体: 时间:2026年03月13日 来源:Journal of Biotechnology 3.9

编辑推荐:

  小球藻在高温葡萄糖条件下通过添加乙醇(0.5%)缓解生长抑制,乙醇使细胞呈现多形性并类似低葡萄糖条件下的形态,揭示乙醇对渗透压力及代谢的调节作用。

  
南牧本(Minami Makimoto)| 大谷直(Takashi Osanai)
日本神奈川县川崎市多摩区东三丁目1-1-1,明治大学农学部

摘要

Euglena gracilis是一种微藻,可以在光自养、异养或混合营养条件下培养。该物种能够产生蛋白质、维生素和脂质。根据先前的研究报道,E. gracilis中的一种储存多糖——paramylon(一种β-1,3-葡聚糖)可以抑制皮肤病变的发展。葡萄糖可以促进E. gracilis的增殖和paramylon的积累;然而,过量的葡萄糖会由于高渗透压而抑制其增殖。在本研究中,我们发现高浓度葡萄糖培养的E. gracilis细胞表现为肥大而非脱水萎缩。添加0.5%的乙醇可以改善400 mM葡萄糖环境下的E. gracilis增殖情况,且细胞形态恢复到无葡萄糖条件下的纺锤形。这些结果表明乙醇能够缓解E. gracilis的葡萄糖胁迫,揭示了其在异养条件下的生理特性。

引言

Euglena gracilis是一种淡水原生生物,含有来自绿藻的叶绿体(Kraj?ovi?等人,2015年)。它是一种单细胞鞭毛生物,具有提供柔韧性和维持形态的细胞膜结构(Zakry?等人,2017年)。E. gracilis可食用,是一种有效的膳食蛋白质来源;特别是当使用硫酸铵作为氮源时,其蛋白质含量会增加(Xie等人,2023年)。E. gracilis在线粒体中合成蜡酯,这一过程不依赖于malonyl-CoA(Zakry?等人,2017年)。它还含有蛋白质、维生素、脂质以及仅存在于绿藻类中的β-1,3-葡聚糖paramylon,后者被商业用作免疫增强剂(Gissibl等人,2019年)。据报道,paramylon可以通过抑制T辅助(Th)1和Th2细胞来调节免疫反应,从而降低白细胞水平并抑制类似特应性皮炎的皮肤病变的发展(Sugiyama等人,2010年)。此外,E. gracilis还能通过激活宿主防御机制预防流感,其提取物中的锌在其抗病毒活性中起关键作用(Nakashima等人,2021年)。
葡萄糖的添加会促进E. gracilis中paramylon的积累(Huang等人,2023年)。在混合营养条件下,生物量比在异养或光自养条件下更高;而在异养条件下,paramylon的积累速度更快(Huang等人,2023年)。从野生菌株中分离出的非光合突变体缺乏叶绿体结构,在黑暗条件下培养时,其干重的90%可转化为paramylon(Barsanti等人,2001年)。在黑暗条件下用葡萄糖培养时,肉豆蔻酸含量增加,饱和脂肪酸的含量也会翻倍(Reitz和Moore,1972年)。在各种碳源中,E. gracilis在葡萄糖条件下的生长速率最高,优于半乳糖、乙醇、乳酸或甘油(Fujita等人,2008年)。然而,高浓度的葡萄糖(例如60 g/L)会抑制其生长(Kim等人,2021年)。这种生长抑制被认为是由渗透压引起的(Huang等人,2023年),并且在高葡萄糖条件下氮的消耗会增加(Kim等人,2021年)。
E. gracilis可以利用乙醇作为碳源(Nakazawa,2017年)。乙醇通过乙酸和乙酰-CoA经由乙醛酸途径进行代谢(Nakazawa,2017年)。E. gracilis的醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶既存在于线粒体中也存在于细胞质中,它们能够分解脂肪族底物(Yoval-Sánchez等人,2011年)。E. gracilis中的一种中链醇脱氢酶依赖于NAD+,需要Mg2+或Zn2+作为辅助因子,其氨基酸序列与细菌和真菌中的醇脱氢酶相似(Palma-Gutiérrez等人,2008年)。此外,当使用己醇作为底物时,E. gracilis中的NADP+依赖性醇脱氢酶表现出最高活性,而使用乙醇时活性较低(Munir等人,2002年)。乙醇的添加可以增加每单位干重细胞的α-生育酚产量和叶绿素浓度(Fujita等人,2008年)。乙醇和谷氨酸可以促进E. gracilis>中β-胡萝卜素和叶绿素的生长和积累(Mokrosnop等人,2016年)。在光自养条件下,每细胞的α-生育酚含量更高,但当同时添加乙醇和谷氨酸时总产量更高(Mokrosnop等人,2016年)。乙醇还会影响脂质组成。在黑暗条件下使用乙醇或CO2作为碳源时,C20和C22多烯的含量会增加(Reitz和Moore,1972年)。在光照条件下添加乙醇会强烈抑制高碳氮比细胞中的叶绿素合成,5–10小时后合成完全停止(Harris和Kirk,1969年)。乙醇在碳缺乏的Euglena # 使用Python的re模块来替换文本中的特殊字符(如URL和HTML标签) import re # 定义一个函数来替换文本中的特殊字符 def replace_special_characters(text): # 替换URL text = re.sub(r'www.enago.jp', 'http://www.enago.jp') # 替换HTML标签 text = re.sub(r'
', '
', text) return text # 原始文本 original_text = """
Minami Makimoto|Takashi Osanai
Meiji University, School of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

摘要

Euglena gracilis, a microalga, can be cultured under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic conditions. This species can produce proteins, vitamins, and lipids. Based on previous reports, paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of E. gracilis and a type of β-1,3-glucan, can inhibit the development of skin lesions. Glucose increases the proliferation of E. gracilis and the accumulation of paramylon. However, excess glucose decreases the proliferation of E. gracilis because of high osmotic pressure. In this study, we found that E. gracilis cells cultured with high concentrations of glucose became hypertrophied rather than dehydrated and shrunken. The addition of ethanol (concentration of 0.5%) improved the proliferation of E. gracilis under a high glucose concentration of 400 mM. The addition of ethanol resulted in spindle-shaped cells similar to those observed under a no-glucose condition. These results indicate that ethanol alleviates glucose stress in E. gracilis, revealing the physiological aspects of E. gracilis under heterotrophic conditions.

引言

Euglena gracilis, a freshwater protist, possesses chloroplasts derived from green algae (Kraj?ovi? et al., 2015). It is a unicellular flagellate with a pellicle structure that provides flexibility and shape maintenance (Zakry? et al., 2017). E. gracilis is edible and an effective alternative dietary protein source; in particular, its protein content increases when ammonium sulfate is used as a nitrogen source (Xie et al., 2023). E. gracilis synthesizes wax esters in the mitochondria, independent of malonyl-CoA (Zakry? et al., 2017). It also contains proteins, vitamins, lipids, and paramylon, a β-1,3-glucan found only in euglenoids, which is commercially marketed as an immunostimulant (Gissibl et al., 2019). Paramylon has been reported to modulate immune responses by suppressing T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, thereby reducing interleukin levels and inhibiting the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions (Sugiyama et al., 2010). Furthermore, E. gracilis has been shown to prevent influenza by activating host defense mechanisms, with zinc present in its extracts playing a key role in its antiviral activity (Nakashima et al., 2021).
The addition of glucose promotes paramylon accumulation in E. gracilis (Huang et al., 2023). Biomass production is higher under mixotrophic conditions than under heterotrophic or photoautrophic conditions, whereas paramylon accumulates rapidly under heterotrophic conditions (Huang et al., 2023). Non-photosynthetic mutants of E. gracilis isolated from wild strains, which lack plastidial structures, accumulate up to 90% of their dry weight as paramylon when incubated with glucose in dark conditions (Barsanti et al., 2001). When cultured with glucose in the dark, myristic acid levels increase, and the amount of saturated fatty acids doubles (Reitz and Moore, 1972). Among various carbon sources, E. gracilis exhibits the highest level of growth rate when glucose is used, outperforming galactose, ethanol, lactic acid, or glycerol (Fujita et al., 2008). However, excessive glucose inhibits growth at high concentrations (e.g., 60 g/L) (Kim et al., 2021). This growth inhibition has been suggested to result from osmotic stress (Huang et al., 2023), and nitrogen consumption has been reported to increase under high-glucose conditions (Kim et al., 2021).
E. gracilis can utilize ethanol as a carbon source (Nakazawa, 2017). Ethanol is metabolized through the glyoxylate pathway via acetic acid and acetyl-CoA (Nakazawa, 2017). The alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase of E. gracilis can be in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, and they can decompose aliphatic substrates (Yoval-Sánchez et al., 2011). A medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from E. gracilis, which depends on NAD+, requires Mg2+ or Zn2+ and resembles the amino acid sequence of alcohol dehydrogenase from bacteria and fungi (Palma-Gutiérrez et al., 2008). In addition, an NADP+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from E. gracilis shows the highest activity when hexanol was used as a substrate, as well as little activity with ethanol (Munir et al., 2002). The addition of ethanol increases the production of α-tocopherol per dry cell weight and the concentration of chlorophyll (Fujita et al., 2008). Ethanol and glutamate promote the growth and accumulation of β-carotene and chlorophyll per cell in E. gracilis (Mokrosnop et al., 2016). The amount of α-tocopherol per cell is higher under photoautotrophic conditions, but the total yield is higher when ethanol and glutamate were added (Mokrosnop et al., 2016). Ethanol further influences lipid composition. The content of C20 and C22 polyenes increases when cultured in the dark with ethanol or CO2 as carbon sources (Reitz and Moore, 1972). When ethanol is added under a light condition, chlorophyll synthesis in cells with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is strongly inhibited and is completely stopped after 5–10 hours (Harris and Kirk, 1969). Ethanol induces fumarase synthesis in carbon-deficient Euglena under dark conditions (Horrum and Schwartzbach, 1982). In addition, cells cultured in the presence of 0.5% or 1.0% ethanol sink more rapidly than those grown without ethanol, likely due to increased paramylon accumulation; ethanol supplementation has also been reported to increase cell size (Takahashi et al., 2023). Furthermore, highly unsaturated fatty acids are produced when E. gracilis is cultured with ethanol instead of glucose (Reitz and Moore, 1972).
Although several studies have examined the cultivation of E. gracilis using various carbon sources, including glucose, ethanol, malate, and glutamate (Rodríguez-Zavala et al., 2010), no studies have investigated the effects of additional carbon sources under high-glucose conditions that suppress growth. In the present study, we demonstrate that growth inhibition under high-glucose conditions is alleviated by ethanol supplementation, highlighting the physiological significance of external carbon sources in regulating the growth of E. gracilis.

章节片段

Euglena菌株和培养条件

E. gracilis菌株NIES-48由日本国立环境研究所(NIES)提供,在光照混合营养条件下进行培养,培养基CM的pH值用10%硫酸调整至3.5(Cramer和Myers,2004年)(表S1)。将d(+)-葡萄糖(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)以0、50、100、200、300、400、500和600 mM的浓度加入培养基中,而(+/?)-α-生育酚(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)则溶解在99.5%乙醇(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)或99.8%甲醇(Fujifilm)中

高于300 mM的葡萄糖浓度抑制了E. gracilis的生长

使用光密度来比较葡萄糖对生长的影响。50至200 mM的葡萄糖浓度促进了生长,但超过300 mM的浓度则抑制了生长(图1a)。最大光密度与50至200 mM葡萄糖浓度下的情况相似,但在100 mM葡萄糖条件下的生长最快(图1a)。第7天的生长量在100 mM葡萄糖条件下大约是其他条件的五倍

讨论

在本研究中,E. gracilis在不同葡萄糖浓度下进行培养,乙醇的添加部分恢复了高葡萄糖条件下的生长。
当葡萄糖以50至200 mM的浓度加入培养基时,生长得到了促进。然而,在超过300 mM的浓度下,生长受到抑制(图1)。上限浓度为400 mM,因为超过500 mM的浓度时E. gracilis的生长几乎停止

结论

本研究证明,即使在高葡萄糖条件下,乙醇也能部分恢复E. gracilis的生长。由于E. gracilis在葡萄糖存在下的生长速度比其他碳源更快,因此本研究中考察的生长条件对于这种微藻的实际应用具有重要意义。需要进一步的研究来阐明乙醇在高葡萄糖条件下促进生长的机制。

资助

本工作得到了以下机构的资助:日本科学技术机构(JST)的JST-GteX项目(项目编号JPMJGX23B0)和旭硝子基金会。

CRediT作者贡献声明

南牧本(Minami Makimoto):撰写——初稿、方法学、研究、概念化。大谷直(Takashi Osanai):撰写——初稿、验证、资金获取、概念化。

利益冲突声明

作者声明没有利益冲突。

致谢

E. gracilis(NIES-48)由日本文部科学省(MEXT)的NBRP提供。作者感谢Enago(www.enago.jp)提供的
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