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乙醇可以缓解细绿眼虫(Euglena gracilis)所面临的葡萄糖压力
【字体: 大 中 小 】 时间:2026年03月13日 来源:Journal of Biotechnology 3.9
编辑推荐:
小球藻在高温葡萄糖条件下通过添加乙醇(0.5%)缓解生长抑制,乙醇使细胞呈现多形性并类似低葡萄糖条件下的形态,揭示乙醇对渗透压力及代谢的调节作用。
# 使用Python的re模块来替换文本中的特殊字符(如URL和HTML标签)
import re
# 定义一个函数来替换文本中的特殊字符
def replace_special_characters(text):
# 替换URL
text = re.sub(r'www.enago.jp', 'http://www.enago.jp')
# 替换HTML标签
text = re.sub(r'', '', text)
return text
# 原始文本
original_text = """
Minami Makimoto|Takashi Osanai
Meiji University, School of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
摘要
Euglena gracilis, a microalga, can be cultured under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic conditions. This species can produce proteins, vitamins, and lipids. Based on previous reports, paramylon, a storage polysaccharide of E. gracilis and a type of β-1,3-glucan, can inhibit the development of skin lesions. Glucose increases the proliferation of E. gracilis and the accumulation of paramylon. However, excess glucose decreases the proliferation of E. gracilis because of high osmotic pressure. In this study, we found that E. gracilis cells cultured with high concentrations of glucose became hypertrophied rather than dehydrated and shrunken. The addition of ethanol (concentration of 0.5%) improved the proliferation of E. gracilis under a high glucose concentration of 400 mM. The addition of ethanol resulted in spindle-shaped cells similar to those observed under a no-glucose condition. These results indicate that ethanol alleviates glucose stress in E. gracilis, revealing the physiological aspects of E. gracilis under heterotrophic conditions.
引言
Euglena gracilis, a freshwater protist, possesses chloroplasts derived from green algae (Kraj?ovi? et al., 2015). It is a unicellular flagellate with a pellicle structure that provides flexibility and shape maintenance (Zakry? et al., 2017). E. gracilis is edible and an effective alternative dietary protein source; in particular, its protein content increases when ammonium sulfate is used as a nitrogen source (Xie et al., 2023). E. gracilis synthesizes wax esters in the mitochondria, independent of malonyl-CoA (Zakry? et al., 2017). It also contains proteins, vitamins, lipids, and paramylon, a β-1,3-glucan found only in euglenoids, which is commercially marketed as an immunostimulant (Gissibl et al., 2019). Paramylon has been reported to modulate immune responses by suppressing T-helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells, thereby reducing interleukin levels and inhibiting the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions (Sugiyama et al., 2010). Furthermore, E. gracilis has been shown to prevent influenza by activating host defense mechanisms, with zinc present in its extracts playing a key role in its antiviral activity (Nakashima et al., 2021).
The addition of glucose promotes paramylon accumulation in E. gracilis (Huang et al., 2023). Biomass production is higher under mixotrophic conditions than under heterotrophic or photoautrophic conditions, whereas paramylon accumulates rapidly under heterotrophic conditions (Huang et al., 2023). Non-photosynthetic mutants of E. gracilis isolated from wild strains, which lack plastidial structures, accumulate up to 90% of their dry weight as paramylon when incubated with glucose in dark conditions (Barsanti et al., 2001). When cultured with glucose in the dark, myristic acid levels increase, and the amount of saturated fatty acids doubles (Reitz and Moore, 1972). Among various carbon sources, E. gracilis exhibits the highest level of growth rate when glucose is used, outperforming galactose, ethanol, lactic acid, or glycerol (Fujita et al., 2008). However, excessive glucose inhibits growth at high concentrations (e.g., 60 g/L) (Kim et al., 2021). This growth inhibition has been suggested to result from osmotic stress (Huang et al., 2023), and nitrogen consumption has been reported to increase under high-glucose conditions (Kim et al., 2021).
E. gracilis can utilize ethanol as a carbon source (Nakazawa, 2017). Ethanol is metabolized through the glyoxylate pathway via acetic acid and acetyl-CoA (Nakazawa, 2017). The alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase of E. gracilis can be in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, and they can decompose aliphatic substrates (Yoval-Sánchez et al., 2011). A medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from E. gracilis, which depends on NAD+, requires Mg2+ or Zn2+ and resembles the amino acid sequence of alcohol dehydrogenase from bacteria and fungi (Palma-Gutiérrez et al., 2008). In addition, an NADP+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from E. gracilis shows the highest activity when hexanol was used as a substrate, as well as little activity with ethanol (Munir et al., 2002). The addition of ethanol increases the production of α-tocopherol per dry cell weight and the concentration of chlorophyll (Fujita et al., 2008). Ethanol and glutamate promote the growth and accumulation of β-carotene and chlorophyll per cell in E. gracilis (Mokrosnop et al., 2016). The amount of α-tocopherol per cell is higher under photoautotrophic conditions, but the total yield is higher when ethanol and glutamate were added (Mokrosnop et al., 2016). Ethanol further influences lipid composition. The content of C20 and C22 polyenes increases when cultured in the dark with ethanol or CO2 as carbon sources (Reitz and Moore, 1972). When ethanol is added under a light condition, chlorophyll synthesis in cells with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is strongly inhibited and is completely stopped after 5–10 hours (Harris and Kirk, 1969). Ethanol induces fumarase synthesis in carbon-deficient Euglena under dark conditions (Horrum and Schwartzbach, 1982). In addition, cells cultured in the presence of 0.5% or 1.0% ethanol sink more rapidly than those grown without ethanol, likely due to increased paramylon accumulation; ethanol supplementation has also been reported to increase cell size (Takahashi et al., 2023). Furthermore, highly unsaturated fatty acids are produced when E. gracilis is cultured with ethanol instead of glucose (Reitz and Moore, 1972).
Although several studies have examined the cultivation of E. gracilis using various carbon sources, including glucose, ethanol, malate, and glutamate (Rodríguez-Zavala et al., 2010), no studies have investigated the effects of additional carbon sources under high-glucose conditions that suppress growth. In the present study, we demonstrate that growth inhibition under high-glucose conditions is alleviated by ethanol supplementation, highlighting the physiological significance of external carbon sources in regulating the growth of E. gracilis.
章节片段
Euglena菌株和培养条件
E. gracilis菌株NIES-48由日本国立环境研究所(NIES)提供,在光照混合营养条件下进行培养,培养基CM的pH值用10%硫酸调整至3.5(Cramer和Myers,2004年)(表S1)。将d(+)-葡萄糖(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)以0、50、100、200、300、400、500和600 mM的浓度加入培养基中,而(+/?)-α-生育酚(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)则溶解在99.5%乙醇(Fujifilm Wako,大阪,日本)或99.8%甲醇(Fujifilm)中