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为解决传统种植牙因缺乏感觉反馈导致患者无法感知食物质地、咀嚼力不当引发骨吸收等问题,研究人员开展了一项关于可感知咀嚼力的压电种植牙(PIT)主题研究。他们通过3D打印技术制造了压电核心/氧化锆外壳的智能种植牙,在小鼠实验中证实其能将咀嚼力转换为电信号并激活大脑感觉皮层神经元,临床测试中超过90%的患者表示恢复了咀嚼感知。此项研究为开发下一代多功能智能植入体开辟了新途径。
想象一下,装上了坚固耐用的人工牙齿,却再也无法细腻地感受一块饼干的酥脆或一颗葡萄的Q弹。这不是科幻情节,而是当下无数接受过牙齿种植手术患者面临的真实困境。传统的种植牙,无论是用黄金、陶瓷还是钛合金打造,其首要使命是恢复基础的咀嚼功能,但它们就像口腔里的“绝缘体”,无法将进食时的力学信号有效传递给我们的大脑。这种感觉的剥夺,不仅让我们丧失了享受美食的乐趣,更可能导致咀嚼力控制不当,长期过度施力会损伤牙槽骨、颞下颌关节,甚至导致种植体失败。恢复种植牙的“感觉”,是口腔医学领域一道亟待攻克的关键难题。
近期,一项发表在《Advanced Science》上的研究带来了突破性进展。研究人员独辟蹊径,不再执着于模仿天然牙复杂的生物学结构(如牙周膜),而是利用材料的物理特性,成功制造出了一种“有感觉”的智能种植牙——压电种植牙。这项研究揭示了如何将咀嚼的“力”转化为大脑可识别的“电”信号,从而重建了中断的感觉反馈回路,让患者重新“感受”到咀嚼。
为开展此项研究,作者团队运用了几个关键的技术方法。首先是基于光固化(vat photopolymerization)的3D打印技术,用于个性化定制种植牙的氧化锁外壳和压电核心结构。其次是压电材料的制备与极化工艺,他们选用了无铅、生物安全的钛酸锆酸钡钙(BCZT)作为核心材料。再者,研究构建了小鼠神经成像模型,通过手术将小鼠门齿替换为微型压电种植牙,并利用双光子钙成像技术实时记录其大脑体感皮层神经元在模拟咀嚼力刺激下的活动。最后,研究在武汉协和医院招募了23名志愿者进行了临床初步测试,收集了患者佩戴不同牙冠(传统氧化锁牙冠 vs. 压电牙冠)后的主观感觉反馈。
2.1 可感知压电种植牙的结构观察
研究通过两步法3D打印制备了压电种植牙。首先,利用生物相容性好的氧化锁制备了坚固的外壳牙冠。其次,选用具有良好压电性能的BCZT材料制备核心。两者通过含BCZT的复合浆料粘结并共烧结,形成紧密结合的双层结构。扫描电镜观察显示界面结合良好,纳米压痕测试表明其硬度(约11.8 GPa)远高于人自然牙,足以承受日常咀嚼力。
2.2 压电种植牙的压电性能
对极化后的压电种植牙进行性能测试。在模拟人类牙齿最大咬合力(约250 N)下,其输出电压可达108 ± 5 mV。为进行动物实验,研究还制备了小鼠尺寸的微型压电种植牙,在15 N的模拟咬合力下可产生15 ± 2 mV的电信号。经过一万次循环加载测试,其电压输出性能保持稳定,证明了其可靠性。
2.3 用于通过压电种植牙接收咀嚼信息的小鼠神经成像模型的建立
为了在活体动物中观察压电种植牙是否能引发神经感知,研究构建了一个小鼠神经成像实验系统。研究人员将小鼠的门齿拔除,植入定制钛基台,然后安装上微型压电种植牙。通过颅窗手术,在小鼠的次级体感皮层表达钙离子指示蛋白GCaMP6f。当对压电种植牙施加模拟咬合力时,利用双光子显微镜实时记录S2皮层神经元的钙离子活动信号。2+ imaging of S2 in head-fixed mice. (a) Schematic illustration of procedures of dental implantation and image capturing. Optical photographs of (b) experimental mice after extraction of incisors, experimental mice after dental implantation and cranial window operation, and dental implants equipped with perceptive tooth crown. (c) Scheme of image capturing on mice using two-photon microscopy. (d) The figure presents an illustration and a photograph of the cranial window engineered for imaging the secondary sensory cortex (S2). (e) The panels in left shows in vivo two-photon imaging of GCaMP6f fluorescence recorded from S2 neurons in a mouse in the occlusal stimulus, the panels in right show the regions of interest (ROI). (f) Representative neural response in S2 regions during loading of occlusal stimulus at different levels, the black traces illustrate the GCaMP6f fluorescence transients (ΔF/F, ?F/F=Ft-F0/F0, with the baseline established as the 10 s before the first stimulation. Where F0is the average between the 25th and 80th percentiles of the fluorescence signal at the baseline 10 s before the start of the first stimulus, and Ft is the fluorescence signal recorded in real time), capturing the activity profiles of a representative sample of ROIs previously identified in this field of view (FOV) depicted in (e).">
2.4 压电种植牙重建体感皮层对咀嚼力加载的神经活动
研究进一步测试了压电种植牙是否像天然牙一样能区分不同等级的咬合力。他们将小鼠分为三组:佩戴传统氧化锁牙冠组、天然牙组和佩戴压电种植牙组。结果发现,传统氧化锁牙冠只能引起微弱且随机的神经活动,无法区分不同力度的刺激。而压电种植牙的表现与天然牙高度相似:高、中、低三种等级的咬合力刺激能引发强度递增的神经元活动,且高力度刺激能募集更多神经元参与反应,其反应模式与天然牙无显著差异。这表明压电种植牙不仅能感知咀嚼力,还能对其进行精确的强度分辨。2 group. The middle row of panel A represents the heatmap of neural activity of each S2 neuron in response to different occlusal loads in a representative mouse from the natural tooth group. The bottom row of panel A represents the heatmap of neural activity of each S2 neuron in response to different occlusal loads in a representative mouse from the PIT group. (b) Trail-averaged neural response amplitude of recorded all S2 neurons during occlusal stimulation at different levels and neural response cell fraction from the ZrO2, natural tooth, and PIT groups. (c) Population-averaged Ca2+ response in (a) from the ZrO2, natural tooth, and PIT groups. Statistical analysis of (d) neural response number in trials with different levels of occlusal stimulus from the ZrO2, natural tooth, and PIT groups. Data analyzed by (c, (ZrO2(n = 7 mice), tooth (n = 7 mice), PIT (n = 8 mice)) two-sided two-way repeated measures ANOVA for analysis with post-hoc Bonferroni comparisons. Data analyzed by (d, (ZrO2(n = 7 mice), tooth (n = 7 mice), PIT (n = 8 mice)) Wilcoxon signed-rank test to define responsive cell population. Data are presented as (b, mean ± s.e.m. or (c, box plots (center line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1.5 × interquartile range).">
2.5 压电种植牙的潜在临床应用
研究的最终落脚点是临床应用潜力。在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院口腔科,研究人员对23名志愿者进行了初步临床测试。志愿者先后佩戴传统氧化锁牙冠和压电种植牙牙冠,完成轻度、正常、紧咬及连续咀嚼等动作,并反馈主观感觉。结果显示,佩戴传统牙冠时,仅少数患者在大力咬合时能通过邻牙或牙槽骨产生代偿性感觉。而佩戴压电种植牙后,患者在轻度、正常和紧咬时的感知恢复率分别达到约26%、41%和67%,且在连续咀嚼时的感知恢复率超过80%,接近天然牙水平。无论年龄和性别,压电种植牙都表现出一致的感知恢复效果,展示了其广泛的临床适用前景。2 dental crown, PIT dental crown, and natural tooth. Red arrows indicate test of PIT). (b) Subjective response status of patients under different levels of occlusal loadings when using ZrO2dental crown, PIT dental crown, and natural tooth, respectively. Biting performances are divided into 4 types: mild biting (MB), normal biting (NB), tight biting (TB) as well as continuous chewing (CC) to distinguish occlusal force and pattern. (c) Response intensity of patients using ZrO2dental crown, PIT dental crown and natural tooth when carrying out continuous chewing performance. (d) and (e) Integrated analysis of the relationship between age (d), gender (e) and response rate to different levels of occlusal loadings.">
综上所述,这项研究成功设计并制造了一种能将咀嚼力转化为电信号的压电智能种植牙。它通过扮演“机械感受器”的角色,将力学刺激转换为神经电信号,进而激活大脑感觉皮层,重建了中断的咀嚼感知反馈回路。从小鼠的神经层面到患者的临床主观感受,多层次证据均表明,这种新型种植牙能够有效恢复患者对咀嚼力的感知和分辨能力。该研究不仅为解决长期困扰口腔种植领域的“无感”难题提供了一种创新且可行的工程学解决方案,也标志着智能植入体向着多功能化、仿生感知迈出了关键一步,为下一代医疗器械的开发开辟了充满希望的崭新道路。